The Slave Trade
Some mass movement of people have been forced. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, European traders shipped up to 20 million Africans across the Atlantic to America to work as slaves on sugar, tobacco, and cotton plantations. Captives seized in the African interior were tethered together from neck to neck, forced-marched to the coast and packed aboard slave ships. There, chained and starving, they were crammed below decks in layers as close, one trader admitted, 'as spoons fitting together'.

Black slaves were transported below decks. As many as 20-30 per cent of the slaves died during these voyages. Slave traders in Africa bring in their captives, tethered together so they cannot escape.